American Cultural History Free Essays

There are many transformations that affected American life from 1940s-1970s various changes and developments occurred during these decades that influenced the culture of people in regards with sports, ,movies and the impact of reality TV to the people. First is in terms of sports, World War II has a great impact on sports since it able-bodied met between 18-26 years old who were expected to serve the military. There is a shortage on baseball bats and bowling pins but the professional sports is still encouraged to continue to improve the troops morale. We will write a custom essay sample on American Cultural History or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1941, 2 platoon football was allowed and no substitutions are allowed except from injuries until fee subs was allowed in 1942 and the Army Navy game was played in Annapolis. In 1948, football was considered as the game of strategy. Basketball was not affected that much by the war. In 1946 the Basketball Association of America was founded which sooner merged with National Basketball League in 1949 and formed the NBA. Boxing was also in big money during these times because of gambling. Golf Associations were also founded in 1946 (Womens Professional Golf Association) and 1949 (Ladies Professional Golf Association). Moving to the 1950’s people began to love sports even more and popularity is gained not based on social status but on the athletes capability. Television gave sports more fans and College football was widely followed. Professional golf was also popular and produced golf stars like Ben Hogan and Arnold Palmer. In 1952 and 1956 Olympics is organized and the cold war between countries became very fierce. In 1960’2 Olympic games was held three times and produced gold medals and world records for Americans Otis David in 400m and Glenn Davis in 400m hurdles and the famous Muhammad Ali who won as light heavyweight boxer gold medalist. Palmers continuous championship in golf was also in 1960s. Television opened major changes to sports since business goes hand in hand with sports and exploits more profits in the sports market. Professional athletes demanded to be bid and the right to market themselves to the highest bidder. This also made way for athletes to be product endorsers and print models. Movies during the 1940’s were heydays since movie propagandas are more on essential industry for morale. Plots of movies has fairly narrow and predictable sets of morals and where villains are one dimensional like Germans and Japanese. Disney’s animated career was also produced like Dumbo in 1941 and Bambi in 1942. Better role for black actors was also being fought during this decade. In 1952 3D cartoons made debut with Bwana Devil Cinerama and colors are use as special effects to lure audiences. in 1956 people began to realize that movies are too expensive and opt to stay home and just watch television. by 1960, musicals became movies like Sound of Music and My Fair Lady. the famous Marilyn Monroe died in this year and made her movie fans sad, Movies has themes in politics and comments on racial issues like the Movie Dr. Strangelove. Sex becomes more explicit and occasionally non-traditional and Violence was also promulgated in this time that resulted MPAA to develop a new film code. 1970 is a big comeback for movies after Television’s dominance blockbuster movies were produced in Dolby Sound and win the people’s heart into watching movies again. Science-fiction films like star wars made top grossing films ever and disaster movies fascinates people as well. As the war ended in 1940, 5,000 black and white TV sets can be found in American homes and made people be entertained and informed at the same time. one popular radio show was broad casted on Tv entitled the Original Amateur Show and the slapstick comedy Texaco Star theater was also launched. Children’s TV kicked off in 1947 in Kukla, Fran Ollie which was followed by Howdy Doody Show. In 1950’s television dominated the mass media and captured people’s interest to stay in their homes and watch televisions as past time. More young people opt to stay at home for longer hours and watch TV rather than go out and go to school. People accepts that what they see on TV because it is an eye witness to the events that happens greater reliance on TV news is accepted by viewers as credible sources of information. In 1954 the black and white TV became colored in broadcast and th American family loves soap operas and variety shows. The second prime time cartoons The Flintstones was offered in 1970 and appealed both to young and adult. The Andy Griffith Show serves as the epitome of prime time family tv while situational comedy like The Beverly Hillbillies arises as Sitcom. humor was revived in Laugh in during the late 1960s. The television leads to social satire issues and other controversial issues like abortion, race and homosexuality. It mirrors reality and how people treats such issues. TV miniseries that shows greater appreciation of whites was shown in Roots. The American contemporary family was portrayed in The Brady Bunch and gave us a glimpse of reality about American families. News are relatively publicized to feed information to people like the Watergate scandal produced by Corporation for Public Broadcasting and also made Sesame street to cater children’s entertainment. The television set has become one of the common source of knowledge and entertainment nowadays. Since it was made available by the late 1930’s it has become a common household communication device up to the present times. As innovation continues, this electronic device disseminates information and has strongly influenced the viewers in many aspects. Through continuous innovation in television programming, people learned to appreciate what has been shown in their TV screens and eventually lead to imitation and social influence when dealing with other people. Reality is necessarily manipulated when events and people are relocated into news or prime time stories. The media can impose their own logic or assembled materials in number of ways including emphasizing certain behaviors and people and stereotyping. Television can distort people visually through camera perspective and other techniques. Rhetorically, people can be portrayed with different labels. One of the most obvious ways in which media content structures a symbolic environment is simply giving greater attention to certain events, people, groups and places than others. The reality television has also attracted criticisms from those who feel that the occurrence of this genre of television has come at the cost of scripted programming. But whatever many critics and people would say, still, reality television shows impart social values, attitudes and behaviors to its viewers. People cannot avoid the truth. It will come in both positive and negative sides of life. As far as our society is concern, this is the balancing nature to reach progress and continue to evolve along with its people and culture. Reality Television is the visible evidence of progress and a medium of change to any kind of society but it could also bring the negative aspects in the society. To adapt it or not, it is still the real world that we are living in and the real mind that goes on deciding. People could imitate behaviors that they saw; those behaviors would be reinforced and therefore learned. Real, Whether reality TV ultimately fades into television history or continues to evolve with the medium as a unique genre, for over fifty years it has offered interesting, often controversial entertainment. Reality TV, debates the social, psychological, and ethical impact of reality TV as they explore and gives us fascinating aspects of American entertainment culture. How to cite American Cultural History, Papers

International Financial Reporting Standards

Question: Write an essay on International Financial Reporting Standards. Answer: Introduction: International Financial Reporting Standards is a set of international reporting standards that states how certain transactions are events should be reported in the statements of financial. It is based upon the principles rather than rules that is the main contrasting part to the U.S GAAP. The main objective of the application of the financial statement is to make it more transparent, comparable and high quality in front of the investors so that they can take the appropriate decisions based on the explanation provided related to inventory, property and equipment, goodwill, borrowing costs, intangible assets and many other aspects of the balance sheet. This report will discuss two financial reporting areas: IAS 38 Intangible Assets and IAS 23 Borrowing Costs. This aim of this financial statement reporting is to provide comprehensive knowledge of borrowing costs and intangible assets regarding the different treatments and critical evaluation of these areas related to its implications and usefulness of financial statement. Critical Evaluation of IAS 38 Intangible Assets related to the financial reporting: IAS 38 Intangible Assets discusses the treatments of account of intangible assets, which are non-monetary assets which are without physical substances and identifiable. By this standard the accountant gets an idea about the specified disclosure requirements related to the intangible assets. Expenditure on intangibles which result in new technologies and brand names are difficult to quantify and value. Traditionally, intangibles have always been considered risky assets. Accounting defines assets as economic resources with measurable future service potentiality, however, the accountant measures difficulties while assessing the upcoming service of intangibles than the benefits accruing from other assets such as plant and equipment, investment in property and many others. Thus, it indicates that accounting standards are required for assessing all internally generated intangibles. In the recent economy, however, assets of the nature of the intangible such as intellectual capital frequency generate value (Abeysekera 2016). By IAS 38, the literature discussed about internally generated intangible assets. Although, the controversy relating to internally generated assets of intangible embraced whether there should be: A requirement to recognize internally created assets of intangible s in the statement of financial position whenever certain criteria are met A requirement to perceive expenditure on all intangibles generated internally in the statement of financial position as an expense A requirement to commonly recognize expenditure on all internally created assets as an expense, with certain specified exceptions The board, however, rejected a proposal to give an option of the recognized expenditure on intensive generation of assets of intangibles as an expense instantly, even though the company meets requirement of an asset due to the reason that a free choice would undermine the comparability of financial statements efforts of the Board in recent years to reduce the number of alternative treatments of IAS (Basis for Conclusion, Paragraph 24). According to the international standard, the identifiable criterion is met when assets of intangibles is separable. In case of the assets separately acquired shall be recognized internally at cost. In this context, the cost related to the separately acquired intangible assets comprise with duties of import and related purchase taxes which are non-refundable in nature and directly attributable costs of preparing the asset for its intended use (Tripathi and Jha 2016). On the other hand, the purchase price of intangible assets which are acquired on a secu lar manner incorporates assumptions about the apparent future benefits economically that may be generated by the assets. On the contrary, the internally generated assets of intangibles are divided into a research phase and a development phase. As per the financial accounting standards, those assets arising from the phase of research may be recognized. On the other hand, assets arising from the phase of the development shall be recognized as intangibles if such entity can be demonstrated: its intent to accomplish the developments its ability to use or sell the intangible assets its feasibility regarding the technicalities the availability of resources to complete the process of development its capability to measure the attributable expenditure reliably Acquisition as part of the business combination: Apart from the intangibles acquired from separately and generated internally, the entity can experience the generation of assets in a combination of business. In case of the intangible assets acquired in a combination of business, both the likelihood and criterion are always considered to be met. Therefore, recognition of the intangible assets shall always be recognized, irrespective of consideration of whether it has been previously recognized in the acquirers statements of financial (Ali, Akbar and Ormrod 2016). As per the accordance IFRS 3, IAS 38 contains the listed of items acquired in a combination of business that shall be meet the definition of an assets of intangibles. This includes are as follows: Assets of intangibles related to the marketing including trademark, internet domain names and newspaper mastheads. Intangible assets which are customer-related including lists of customers, order backlogs, contracts of customers, and non-contractual customer relationships Assets of intangibles related to art including copyrights for plays, books and musical works Contract-driven intangible assets including agreement of license, contracts of management and rights of broadcast Technology-oriented assets of intangibles including patented database, technology and trade secrets such as secret formulas, processes or recipes In a nutshell, the intangible assets are generated internally as per the paragraph of 48, 51 and 63. In this case, the measurement will be done comprising with all costs of attribution incurred in the creation of asset from the date on which the assets first met the all criteria of recognition. However, the process of generation of assets can be segregated into two parts for maintain transparency and for better understanding during the phase of financial reporting (Kafouros and Aliyev 2015.). On the other hand, intangible assets can be recognized in the separate process of assts generation. In that case, the measurement of the separately acquired will be done including the purchase price along with any directly attributable cost of preparing the asset for its intended use. Lastly, the intangible assets acquired as part of the combination of business shall be measured as per the fair value at the date of the acquisition. However, there are much confusion regarding the treatment of int angible assets and goodwill (Bontempi and Mairesse 2015). According to the paragraph of 35 of IAS 38, the fair value of the assets of intangibles generated from the business combination needs to be measured with sufficient reliability. However, such treatment shall be recognized separately from goodwill. Furthermore, Ali, Akbar and Ormrod (2016), highlighted the fact of intangible assets with finite useful life. According to Carvalho, Rodrigues and Ferreira (2016), those kinds of intangible assets are a rebuttable presumption that its fair value can be measured reliably. Amortization of intangible assets: The concept of amortization arises during the measurement of the intangibles with finite lives (Tsalavoutas, Andr and Dionysiou 2014). By covering this into the financial report, the reporting entity can get a clear idea that the amount of depreciation with a limited useful life shall be allocated on a methodical basis over its useful life (Chalmers et al. 2012). The significant part of the understanding is about the identification of the identification period. Generally, amortization shall begin when the asset is available for use. In other words, asset is it in location and conditions are required for its capabilities of operating which intended by the management shall be considered as the beginning of amortization (Kafouro and Aliyev 2015). According to Sinclair and Keller (2014), a lot of issue has been raised regarding the suitable amortization methods used in case of allocation of the depreciation amount on a methodical basis over its infinite life. There is a mentioned in the standards of financial that a variety of amortization methods can be applied to apportion the amount of depreciation of intangible assets over its useful life including diminishing balance method, straight line method and the unit of production method (Bontempi and Mairesse 2015). Su and Wells (2015) stated that such method is selected considering the expected consumption pattern of the expected future economic benefits embodied in the assets which shall be consistently from one period to another. Methods of measurement of assets of intangibles: In accordance with the paragraph of 78 of IAS 38, an entity must choose either the model of costs or the model of revaluation. Based on the model of costs, intangible assets shall be carried at cost less accumulated amortization and loss of impairment. Alternately, the model of revaluation helps to measure the value of the asset subtracting the subsequent amortization and impairment losses (Abeysekera 2016). However, the reporting entity uses this revaluation method if fair value can be determined by reference to an active market as per the standard of IAS 38 (74). Importance of disclosure related to the intangible assets: According to Lin et al. (2015), all the significant matters shall be disclosed properly for providing the clarity of the reports of the financial of an entity. Hence, the reporting should have the understanding about the necessary disclosure which must be supported along with the comprehensive financial statements related to the one financial year (Alfraih 2016). As per the mentioned paragraphs of 118 and 122 of IAS 38, the entity needs to be mentioned including useful life or the rate of amortization, methods of amortization, gross carrying amount, figure of accumulated amortization and losses of amortization. Based on such disclosure, the reporting entity can easily generate awareness about the reflection of the huge changes such as economic system of the tangible assets and so on (Carvalho, Rodrigues and Ferreira 2016). Critical Evaluation of IAS 23- Borrowing Cost related to the financial reporting: The conceptualization of IAS 23 was done on March in the year 1984. It came into the implementation in the year 1986. Over the years several amendments were made into the IAS borrowing system, such as amendments related to capitalization of the borrowing cost and annual improvements made in the IFRS 2007 for the purpose of including several borrowing costs. The main purpose if the introduction of IAS 23 borrowing cost is related to the appropriate of the borrowing cost. The various types of the borrowing costs are related to the bank overdrafts, long-term borrowings, short term borrowing (included in the contemporary borrowing list) finance charges related to the financial leases are also considered to be considered under the borrowings as per IASB. As per the section IAS 23.6, interest expenses shall be computed by the effective interest procedure as per the norms given under the scheme of IAS 39. The financial charges related to the financial leases which are recognized as per IAS 17 leases are also recognized by the norms as per IAS 23. Some of the other important aspects of the IAS standard include the consideration of exchange differences which exists from the borrowings done by the foreign currency and to the extent that they are included in the adjustment to the interest cost (Gupta 2014). The borrowing costs under the IAS 23 also takes into consideration the amortization of the discounts and the premiums relates to the borrowing of several forms (Chaudhry et al. 2015). The borrowing also includes the amortization of the ancillary costs which are incurred in the connection of with the arrangement of borrowings. The several type of the borrowing cost s are directly attributable to the acquisition, production, construction of the qualifying assets as prescribed under the IAS 23 norms. In amount of the funds borrowed are eligible for the purpose of the capitalization of projects are also considered as borrowing cost less the amount of investment of the surplus borrowings which have not been utilized. In the borrowing amount are considered eligible for capitalization the amount of the borrowing cost is estimated by the application of the capitalization rate on the basis of the weighted average borrowing cost which is applicable to the general borrowings. Thus the amounts of the borrowing cost capitalized during the financial year cannot exceed the amount of the borrowing cost incurred during the same financial year. As per the section IAS 23.3 this standard of the accounting does not take into consideration the value of the actual or the imputed cost of the equity which include the preferred capital which are not considered under the liability as per same accounting standard. As per the section IAS 23.5 the qualifying asset is defined as the asset which takes into consideration the appropriate amount of time required for the purpose of the sale of the items. Then various amendments made under then IAS 23 norms also state that the companies need to consider the property, plant, and then equipments and the investments property during the development of the period and made to order inventories (Shkulipa 2015). For assessing the borrowing costs as per core principles of IAS 23, the reporting entity should have a clear understanding about the differences of qualifying assets and non-qualifying assets (Bohuov 2014). This is the integral part of the definition of the costs of borrowing (Akdogan and Ozturk 2015). A qualifying assets is an asset is those which inevitably take a considerable period of time for using it or sale purpose. For instance, the entity should consider qualifying asset which include inventories (that are not generated over a short period of time), plants of manufacture, generation facilities of power, assets of the nature of intangible and properties of investment. However, there is a big confusion recognized by several accountants related to the criterion of intangible asset under IAS 23. Although, those intangible asset that takes a considerable period of time and which are intended to use or sale is definitely be treated as qualifying assets in the financial report. For instance, software, would be treated as qualifying asset in accordance of borrowing cost calculation , which is generated internally in the development phase when it takes a substantial period of time to complete. When it capitalized, the interest capitalization rate shall only be included for the ascertainment of the capitalization costs. Alfraih (2016), however, argued with the fact that assets are considered to be qualified as per the management intention. In other words, the treatment of the borrowing costs related to that will be varied as per the management intension taken into the account. For instance, it is the management decision whether such acquired costs can only be used in combination with a large group of fixed assets or it created particularly for the construction of one specific qualifying asset. Treatment of borrowing costs: By the following this specific accounting standard, the reporting entity can get a clear idea about the proper treatment of the borrowing costs. Tripathi and Jha (2016) stated that the main problem arises at the time of analyzing whether the borrowing costs needs to be capitalized or not after generating costs associated with the construction, acquiring and producing a qualified assets. This financial statement demonstrates how the reporting entity would recognize the borrowing related costs as per different methods. As per the statement, there are two different methods are generally used for recognizing such costs at the end of the financial records. Caria et al. (2016) stated that capitalizing of borrowing costs method recognizes the qualifying costs. On the contrary, the second treatment has been described the cost of borrowing at the time of incurring it. However, this standard gives the value only at the time of recognizing the borrowing costs. Nobes (2015) contradicts that majo r issues arise at the time of assessing eligibility of the portion of capitalization. In case of the capitalization, the borrowing costs which are attributable directly to constructing, acquiring or producing of an asset that identifies must be capitalized being considered as part of that cost of a particular assets. Here the matter of qualifying assets is the most significant part of the judgment which shall be evaluated by the reporting entity. This accounting standard also stated that capitalization should be suspended with the interruption takes place during the phase of development as per IAS 23.20. Here the important consideration is that when construction is competed in stages, capitalization of attributable costs of borrowing should crease when substantially all of the activities necessary to prepare that part for its intended use or sale are complete. Therefore, the standards clearly explain about the commencement of capitalization, the specific time of suspension of capita lization and lastly, the ceases of capitalization. Disclosure of Borrowing costs: In the case of evaluation of actual figure of the cost of borrowing, it is important to mention the appropriate disclosures at the end of financial records in order to make its the entire procedure transparent and viable and in accordance with the accounting standards IAS 23 (Alfraih 2016). There are two disclosure must be maintained such as amount of borrowing of capitalization cost during the period and the rate of the capitalization used during the accounting. Conclusion: Therefore, the financial standard of IAS 38 is useful for ascertaining the value of the intangible assets exists in the corporate statement of the company. The comprehensive knowledge discussed the understanding about the recognition and relevant measurement. The entire discussion clearly defines the terms of indefinite period and definite period during the measurement of the intangibles. Furthermore, the financial disclosure related to the IAS 38 shall be incorporated in the above discussion which is indeed necessary for maintaining the financial transparency, and the better understanding of the reporting statement. On the other hand, IAS 23 indicates that cost incurred by an entity in connection with the borrowing of funds is considered as borrowing costs. This standard clearly describes how an reporting entity amortize of discounts or premiums related to borrowings, treatment of changes of finance in respect of financial lease, treatment of interest on bank overdrafts along with long term and short term borrowings and other important facts which are relevant to the financial reporting purpose. References: Abeysekera, I., 2016. Does the classification of intangibles matter? An equivalence testing. Advances in Accounting. Akdogan, N. and Ozturk, C., 2015. A Country Specific Approach To IFRS Accounting Policy Choice In The European, Australian And Turkish Context. Emerging Markets Journal, 5(1), p.60. Alfraih, M.M., 2016. The effectiveness of board of directors characteristics in mandatory disclosure compliance. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 24(2). Ali, A., Akbar, S. and Ormrod, P., 2016, March. Impact of international financial reporting standards on the profit and equity of AIM listed companies in the UK. In Accounting Forum (Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 45-62). Elsevier. Bohuov, H., 2014. IFRS and US GAAP convergence in the area of borrowing costs. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 57(3), pp.21-32. Bontempi, M.E. and Mairesse, J., 2015. Intangible capital and productivity at the firm level: a panel data assessment. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 24(1-2), pp.22-51. Caria, A.A., Silva, A.M., Gomes, D.R.R. and Oliveira, L.C.A.M., 2016. Accounting as an Information System. In MBA (pp. 125-156). Springer International Publishing. Carvalho, C., Rodrigues, A.M. and Ferreira, C., 2016. The Recognition of Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets in Business CombinationsThe Portuguese Case. Australian Accounting Review, 26(1), pp.4-20. Chalmers, K., Clinch, G., Godfrey, J.M. and Wei, Z., 2012. Intangible assets, IFRS and analysts earnings forecasts. Accounting Finance, 52(3), pp.691-721. Chaudhry, A., Coetsee, D., Bakker, E., Varughese, S., McIlwaine, S., Fuller, C., Rands, E., de Vos, N., Longmore, S. and Balasubramanian, T.V., 2015. Borrowing Costs. 2015 Interpretation and Application of International Financial Reporting Standards, pp.187-194. Gupta, A., 2014. A Study into the Impact of IFRS (Ind AS)'Borrowing Costs' on Corporate Financials and Government Revenues. Indian Journal of Finance, 8(4), pp.17-27. Kafouros, M. and Aliyev, M., 2015. Institutions and foreign subsidiary growth in transition economies: The role of intangible assets and capabilities. Journal of Management Studies. Lin, Y.C., Young, C.S., Sun, W.C. and Chiu, M.F., 2015. The Relationship between the Capitalization of Intangible Assets and Financial Analysts Earnings Forecast Errors: The Effect of IFRS 3 and IAS 38. Journal of Accounting Review, DOI, 10. Nobes, C., 2015. International differences in IFRS adoptions and IFRS practices1. The Routledge Companion to Financial Accounting Theory, p.167. Shkulipa, L., 2015. Accounting of Financial Costs in the Company: Scientific and Practical Aspect. Accounting and Finance, (4), pp.79-85. Sinclair, R.N. and Keller, K.L., 2014. A case for brands as assets: Acquired and internally developed. Journal of Brand Management, 21(4), pp.286-302. Su, W.H. and Wells, P., 2015. The association of identifiable intangible assets acquired and recognised in business acquisitions with postacquisition firm performance. Accounting Finance, 55(4), pp.1171-1199. Tripathi, P.K. and Jha, B.K., 2016. IFRS: A global paradigm of financial reporting. International Educational Scientific Research Journal, 2(5). Tsalavoutas, I., Andr, P. and Dionysiou, D., 2014. Worldwide application of IFRS 3, IAS 36 and IAS 38, related disclosures, and determinants of non-compliance.

Best Research Paper Topics for 2018 - Paperell.com

Best Research Paper Topics for 2018 Best Topics For Writing A Research Paper In 2018 Chances are all of you have heard about this type of academic activity, which, without a doubt, is an effective method of testing students’ skills and knowledge. As you can see from the name, it is based on an individual research conducted by students. Such papers help people develop their research skills, ability to collect, organize, and analyze data, boosts scientific intuition, creative approach to the perception of knowledge, and practical application for solving scientific problems. It is one of the most significant assignments in the university.A project of this type is usually assigned to elder students. Besides, it is considered that writing a research paper is an effective way to prepare students of PhD and MA programs to writing their final projects – dissertations or theses. In any case, this is a responsible task that takes lots of attention. Besides, the grade a student receives for it usually has a large influence on the overall performance and final grad e, which is why it is so important not to fail it and in this post, we will tell you how to avoid a failure and give you a list of great college research paper topics for your consideration!How To Write Good Research Paper For College?Such work is written after a student has conducted an in-depth investigation of the particular problem, obtained certain results, and made an objective analysis of the outcome. It is not a simple task. Of course, if you approach the process wrong and use obsolete tools or methods, you will need to spend hours studying relevant and not so relevant literature, sorting it, and also writing and rewriting your work. However, you can optimize the process and thus, reduce the waste of time and effort. How to do this? These simple but effective pieces of advice should help you improve your results with minimum efforts:Start looking for ideas for research papers as early as possible;Set a clear theme;Do not choose too easy research paper topics and do not pick too complex ones as well, find a perfect balance of complexity, depth, and relevance of the chosen subject;Use special academic search engines to reduce the time spent on the research;Keep all the obtained data, links, and other materials well organized and stored in a safe place;Plan an introduction in advance and make it catchy;Keep the word limit in mid;Consider the individual goals of every chapter when writing it;Do not forget to underline the value of your research work and mention the possibility for further research;Make a review of the literature;Use clichà ©s for different sections – often, standard phrases and language constructions can save you lots of time;Make sure that you correctly cite your resources;Proofread and edit your text after having some rest and with a clear mind.These few tips can make the process a bit easier. However, you have to face the truth – it will be a challenge to write a good work as it will take all of your time, energy, and ski lls, while the stakes are too high because if you fail, your overall academic performance can drop significantly! What to do if you are not ready to take the responsibility? In the case if there is no way you can handle this assignment all by yourself, you started when it was too late, can’t find enough motivation or simply doubt your abilities, you can  buy research paper online. This will rid you of the risks and should save you a bunch of time and nerves if you choose a good company that employs specialists who know their business. Thus, it might be the best decision if you can’t do it yourself.How To Choose Interesting Topics For Research Paper?Before you can start conducting a study itself and writing research paper, the main thing you have to take care of is choosing a relevant, fresh, and engaging topic. Luckily, today finding a topic for a study is not that difficult thanks to a wide range of available sources. You can find great ideas even simply using the I nternet. However, you need to approach this matter with attention in order to find an interesting research paper topic that would help you reveal your scientific potential and get a good grade! How to make a right choice? Just follow the tips described below to make this process easy and carefree:Search for inspirationNot only your theme has to be fresh and relevant to the subject you study, it also should be interesting to you. We recommend to start with searching for some inspiration. At this step, you should read as much as you can – look through your textbooks and other literature related to your subjects until you come across a problem that would sound interesting and important to you.Narrow down your focusOnce you have found an issue that interested you, it is just the right time to make it a bit narrower, choosing which aspect of the chosen theme is the most significant and engaging in your opinion. Why is it important? In fact, having a theme that is too diversified a nd deep is not the best idea as you risk not being able to disclose it fully, which is why you should better pick a narrower one to ensure successful performance.Make notesNote down all interesting theories, experiments, statistics or ideas and store them separately. Why do you need this? Your theme can change and adjust significantly in the course of your study and therefore, it is good to have all your notes stored in one place as any of them can come in handy when you will be restating your theme.Study the chosen fieldYou have to learn everything related to the chosen problem, its fields, related issues, and other nuances in order to see the whole picture and be able to define a topic that works the best for you. Look for various sources online and in the library. Also, do not hesitate to check out the works on similar issues written by other people!Best Ideas For Research Paper TopicsDo not get upset if you still do not have a clue where to look for a good theme or what you want to study because we have prepared a list of the best research topics to help you find some inspiration! Also, check our new compilation of best topics for research paper at 2019 weve revised and added a lot, so you definitely find something there!EducationWhy do teachers have to pass competency tests?Does school or parents have to take responsibility for violence and bullying?The reasons behind the lack of funding for schools provided by the governmentThe main pros and cons of home schoolingCan exams evaluate pupils’ knowledge rather than measure their ability to take them? Do we really need a new form of knowledge assessment?The so-called â€Å"gap year†: what are the advantages or disadvantages of taking a one-year break before enrolling into a college or university after a school graduation?The reasons behind the growing discrimination in educationThe need to equip special classrooms for pupils with special needs and the reason why not all schools are ready for th is yetRelationshipsThe key aspects to consider when building family relationshipsThe importance of pleasant atmosphere at hope for children’s developmentWhat is the current divorce statistics? How to reduce the number of divorces?What are the â€Å"right† family values?The ways to control the rate of divorce on the governmental levelThe pros and cons of mass legalizing same-sex marriagesThe role models in early childhood and how they affect the child’s developmentMedicine and HealthThe most vital effects of prolong use of steroidsThe difference between low fat and low carbohydrate diets, their effectiveness, and impact on the human bodyMedical use of marijuana: what are the risks and advantages?Vaccination at young age: what are the main pros and cons?What are the hazards of alternative medicine?The harm caused by eating disorders to womenBirth controlThe authenticity and history of ADHD and ADDDo the advantages of vaccination outweigh its risks?Can vegetarianis m be considered as a healthy style of living?The most interesting cases of schizophreniaUniversityDo ACT or SAT tests objectively evaluate the student’s knowledge and skills?4 year and 2 year programs: which is more effective?The undeniable benefits of distance learning versus the effectiveness of this form of studyingThe role of GPA in the admission procedureHow to increase college student’s awareness of alcohol’s harm?How to plan college tuition?Diploma millsCyber and face-to-face bullying in the universities and ways to avoid itThe ways to create Internationally-friendly community in collegeEnvironmentThe ways to decrease the level of water and air pollution in large citiesThe benefits of hybrid vehicles and use of alternative fuels for our environmentAre the current standards of clean water and air outdated?Is global warming a real thing? Can we say that it is being exaggerated?The ways to keep the balance between the rights of developers and the protection of the wildlifeEndangered species of plants and animals: how can we save them?How bad are the risks of the climate change?Possible ways to stop the disposal of radioactive wasteThe existing recycling programs, their pros and cons, and how can we encourage people to start recycling?The hazards of acid rainHow to stop deforestation?The dangerous effect of pesticidesPoliticsThe ways in which Christian Right’s have impact on foreign policyThe controversial topics raised in the modern politics and ways to solve themCultural pluralism versus the religious motivation for political involvementHow much money is wasted on presidential campaigns? What are the ways to use them more effectively?What is the key to success on debates?Discuss the brightest political debates that took place in the historyThe importance of freedom from imposition within the rights of religious citizensBusinessThe importance of the corporate lawThe role of leadership in businessHow to ensure positive relationsh ips of employees?The benefits of social media as a new tool for business promotionThe issue of discrimination in the workplace and ways of avoiding itWhat issues in HR exist today?How are modern work environments different?Is regulation of the workforce important?The cases of corporate abuse and effective methods of fighting with itThe pros and cons of gathering employees from different generations in one workplacePsychologyThe most significant works of Freud and their value for the modern psychologyThe similarities and distinctive features in works of Adler, Jung, and FreudHow did the concepts of mental illness changes over the decades?What behavior can be considered â€Å"normal† according to psychology?Different types of mental disorders, ways of treatment, and approachIs person’s sexual orientation being dictated by the society and culture, and is there an orientation that can’t be influenced by the pressure of society?Explain how culture influences a person ’s self-image and may lead to eating disordersHistoryThe first flight to the moon: cultural and historical significance of this eventCompare the consequences of the American and English industrial revolutions and the caused urbanizationThe women’s suffrage movement in America and the impact it had on the countryThe key factors in the China-Tibet conflictWhat was the role of Julius Caesar in the development of Rome?What impact did Joan of Arc have on the history?The Cold War: how did it influence the whole world?The fall of the Roman Empire: the reasons and consequencesThe Catholic Church as a powerful political force that appeared after the fall of the Roman EmpireHow did Genghis Khan conquer Persia?Family ViolenceAre there ways to fight child abuse?Explore the cases of murders caused by child abuseDomestic abuse: statistics and ways to prevent itThe cases when women killed their husbands due to the constant abuse: should the punishment for such murder be less strict o r not? Why?The problem of marital rapeThe ways to increase the protection of children without violating the parental rightsHow to increase the protection of victims of domestic abuse on the governmental level?Online securityHow did the Internet reduce citizens’ safety?What are the effective ways to prevent hacking crimes?Spam email and ways to fight with itEfficient ways of increasing cyber securityThe ways of protecting children from seeing inappropriate content on the InternetHow to maintain your privacy on the Internet?The spread of computer viruses, their potential hazards, and ways to eliminate the risksThe ways to protect your identity from being stolenIs the Web useful or dangerous for children and teens?

Drinking and Drafting Essays

Drinking and Drafting Essays Drinking and Drafting Paper Drinking and Drafting Paper For two decades, young adults between the ages of eighteen and twenty have tried to come to terms with governmental restrictions placed on the legal drinking age in the United States of America. For most, this law seems to be quite senseless, especially since these same young people are required by law to register with the armed services in case of a necessary draft. Why is it acceptable for the government to not only allow but in some cases require our young adults to risk their lives for a country that places restrictions on their consumption and behavior? The simple answer is that it is not fair, nor does it make any sense. Restricting the adult activity of purchasing and drinking alcohol to adults age twenty one and over is not only a slap in the face to young adults, it actually produces more negative behaviors in the same people that the law was meant to help protect. While the main issue may seem to be that it is unfair or even wrong to restrict an adult’s ability to legally consume alcohol until the age of twenty one that is really just one of the underlying arguments for an even bigger argument. The main issue of restricting drinking in young adults is that it produces harmful and negative behaviors. Dr. Ruth Engs, Professor of Applied Health Science at Indiana University, has spent years studying this issue. In her article entitled â€Å"Why the Drinking Age Should be Lowered: An Opinion Based on Research†, Engs submits her findings after over twenty years of research regarding the legal drinking age. Engs believes that â€Å"Prohibition did not work [†¦] and prohibition for young people under the age of 21 is not working now†. Restricting alcohol consumption in young adults who are able to enter establishments with drinking, live on their own, and make their own rules does not stop them from drinking. They just do it illegally, and while doing so, develop bad habits. â€Å"Those under the age of 21 are more likely to be heavy sometimes called binge – drinkers† (Engs). Binge drinking leads to uninhibited behavior and over intoxication. These are not only health risks, but place people in dangerous situations. As dangerous as binge drinking can be, young men who enter the armed services face an even graver danger. With the nation currently at war, Americans sacrifice their young men daily to a government who will allow them to lose their life in the pursuit of the government’s battles. Why is it then that this same group of young people is denied the right to engage in an adult activity, that, if taught to be handled responsibly, can produce very positive, fun, and relaxing interactions between adults? Has reducing the legal drinking age benefitted anyone? According to research, it has not. Although study after study has been conducted, it seems that the evidence simply isn’t conclusive, as stated by Toomey and Wagenaar, â€Å"Of all analyses that reported significant effects, 87% found higher drinking ages associated with lower alcohol consumption. Only 13% found the opposite. The evidence is not entirely consistent: Almost half (46%) of the analyses found no association between the legal age and indicators of alcohol consumption† (3) Has reducing the legal drinking age made streets any safer? While the statistics may seem to imply yes, Engs points out that other factors are being ignored such as â€Å"education concerning drunk driving, designated driver programs, increased seat belt and air bag usage, safer automobiles, lower speed limits, free taxi services from drinking establishments, etc. †. The big argument seems to focus on the young adults in college who end up binge drinking and partying to the point that they make themselves ill. Given the atmosphere that these young adults are in, it is inevitable that illegal drinking will take place. Toomey and Wagenaar also found that â€Å"as the legal age was lowered, the number of problems increased, and as the legal age was raised, the number of problems decreased† (5). It is safe to say that increasing the drinking age may appear to have positive effects, but studies have shown that it in fact is more detrimental to young people than helpful. What then, can we do as a nation to get the law makers to see that their foolish laws are counterproductive and are in fact endangering young adults more than protecting them and society? The first step is to analyze the data available and to see that the current system just isn’t working. If encouraging illegal drinking, irresponsible behavior, and binge drinking is what the government wants to do, then it has succeeded at this task. Instead of not trusting young people to drink responsibly, the same young people that are entrusted to protect our nation, we should teach responsible behavior and how to enjoy alcohol safely. Engs, Ruth. Should the drinking age be lowered to 18 or 19. Adapted from and in Drinking on Campus, CQ Researcher 8 (March 20,1998):257. Issues author Karen Scrivo. Retrieved April 12, 2007, from indiana. edu/~engs/articles/cqoped. html. Toomey, Traci and Alexander C. Wagenaar â€Å"Effects of Minimum Drinking Age Laws: Review and Analyses of the Literature from 1960 to 2000†; Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Vol. 63, 2002.

Instrument History Report ( Strings ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Instrument History Report ( Strings ) - Essay Example Different tones or pitches can be achieved with varying thickness and tightness of the strings, as well as with changing lengths. A string instrument may have strings already of various lengths played separately or in combinations, such as with harps and zithers. They can also have strings of the same length that are varied by pressing them against the instrument’s body, such as with lutes and lyres. Stringed musical instruments are said to have existed way back in 3500 BC with lyres and harps made by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia, and the harps of 3000 BC in the Old Empires of Egypt. But even before that time, the early civilizations in Africa and South America already developed the musical bow. Some say that it was made from the hunter’s bow and arrow, but others suggest that the bow and arrow evolved from the musical bow. In any case, the resemblance between the two seems to indicate that they are in a way related. From this simple single-stringed instrument, it is believed that the first harps were made. In form, these first harps were very similar to a simple bow in that a string is attached from one end of a bent piece of wood to another. However, unlike the musical bow, more strings have been added to produce a variety of tones in the harp. These harps were found in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia as early as 3000 BC. Harps were later adopted by the early Christian Church as one of the appropriate musical instruments. During these times, very few instruments were acceptable as most of them were considered tools of the devil. The harp also plays a significant role in European nations where it has evolved through the Medieval age and the Renaissance into the harps we know today. In fact, quite a number of early cultures in Europe had harps in their myths and legends. In Ireland, the harp has become the national instrument because of its Celtic heritage. Similar to the harp, the lyre is another string instrument deeply rooted in

Employee Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 5

Employee Relations - Essay Example industrial relations take place within a particular organization is determined by the frame of reference through which its top managers recognize the formal relationship with individuals and/or their representatives. The unitary frame of reference is widespread among managers. According to this unitary perspective, all individuals in the organization are working towards one goal, where there is one sense of power and where conflict is abhorred. Managers frequently view themselves and other managers in the organization as part of a ‘managerial team’, and they expect their employees to pledge to the same point of view. Managers who take this approach consider themselves as the only rightful source of power and authority which they value and protect. They view their role as one of controlling the activities of the workforce and presume that all employees share the common goals of the organization, are faithful to the `management team’ and entirely dedicated to the objective of the organization. On the other hand, a different way of looking at organizations is to view them as pluralities of interest groups, each with differing and occasionally opposing interests, which might come together in alliances, although these alliances shift and modify according to the situations. Whatever the long-term interrelatedness of interest groups, in their daily struggle for resources and in their work-related activities, they emphasize on sectional interests. Here, managers might tolerate and keenly promote freedom of expression and the development of groups, which create their own norms and choose their own informal leaders. In this way, authority and control takes place in a number of areas of the organization and loyalty is commanded by the leaders of the groups, which are frequently in competition with each other for resources. The managers accomplish results by combining the groups, promoting participation, motivating employees and managing their work efforts (Gennard &

Public Health Issue: Diabetes Mellitus

Public Health Issue: Diabetes Mellitus This assignment will address the public health issue of the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus (diabetes) and explore links with health inequalities both nationally and locally. It will discuss the frameworks available which give guidance for standards of care for diabetes patients and their influence on diabetes care. It will then critically discuss the issue of diabetes management in relation to patient education and the ability of patients to self-manage their chronic long-term condition, evaluating both the role of both healthcare professionals and individuals in achieving the best possible healthy outcomes. It will then discuss whether all people get the same level of diabetes care, in particular focusing on people who are not able to attend GP surgeries. Public health is defined as The science and art of promoting and protecting health and wellbeing, preventing ill health and prolonging life through the organised efforts of society (Faculty of Public Health 2008). Health equality is a key element of social justice and as such justifies the government and other health agencies to work in collaboration to develop health policies which improve the publics health regardless of social class, income, gender or ethnicity through promoting healthier lifestyles and protecting them from infectious diseases and environmental hazards (Griffiths Hunter 2007). Yet many health inequalities still exist in the UK, some of which will be discussed in this paper. There are predominantly two types of diabetes mellitus (diabetes); type 1 diabetes occurs when the body does not produce any insulin and type 2 diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin to function properly or when the body cells do not react to insulin. Type 2 diabetes is the most common and accounts for around ninety five per cent of people with diabetes. If left untreated both types of diabetes can lead to further complications which include heart disease, stroke, blindness, and kidney failure (Who 2011). Life expectancy is reduced by up to 10 years in those with this type of disease (Whittaker, 2004). In the majority of cases, type 2 diabetes is treated with lifestyle changes such as eating healthier, weight loss, and increasing physical exercise (Diabetes UK, 2007b). There are currently 2.6 million people in the UK with diabetes, and it is thought up to a further 1.1 million are undiagnosed. (Diabetes UK, 2010). Other evidence suggests that approx 50% of people are not aware they have the condition, living a normal life with only mild symptoms (reference). Men are twice more likely to have undiagnosed diabetes, than women, possible because on average they tend to visit their GP less (Nursingtimes.net 2009). Diabetes is one of the most widespread chronic diseases, which is potentially life threatening. It is currently thought to be the leading 4th disease causing death in most developed countries worldwide with estimated prevalence of 285 million people. Most experts agree that more than 4 million people in the UK will have Type 2 diabetes by 2025 with potentially 5.5 million living with this chronic condition by 2030 (Diabetes UK 2010, and International Diabetes Federation (IDF)2010). These statistics are startling; type 2 diabetes is one of the biggest challenges facing the UK today with people often treated entirely by the National Health Service (NHS) who provide care for all levels of diabetes. Diabetes control is considered poor in Europe with the UK being identified as having the worst control. The reasons for this are not clearly identified. However what is clear is the potential impact on people in terms of complications and shorter lives (Liebl et al 2002). People with diabetes who have complications cost the NHS 3.5 times more than people who have no evidence of complications (IDF 2006). The NHS currently spends about 10% of its total resources on diabetes, which equates to  £286 per second. This places a significant drain on resources which will potentially rise in line with the growing prevalence of diabetes and associated complications unless alternative ways to reduce the burden of the disease can be found Diabetes.co.uk). There are many reasons for the growing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the UK, two of the main ones being the modernisation of industrialisation and urbanisation, which has changed peoples lifestyles and eating habits and caused and escalation in obesity (Helms et al 2003). Diabetes and obesity are closely linked; eighty percent of patients diagnosed with diabetes are obese at the time of diagnosis (Diabetes UK, 2006). Kazmi and Taylor (2009) agree and say type 2 diabetes can be linked to genetics, although increased levels are more likely to be attributable to obesity resulting from a decrease in physical exercise and westernised diets. A 2008 survey highlighted the UK as having the highest obesity levels in Europe, currently 24% of adults are considered obese which tends to increase with age. (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2010). However this figure should be treated with caution as England is one of the few countries who uses actual measurements of weight and height, other countries preferring to use self reported measures. The UK has an increasing elderly population which combined with rising levels of obesity is likely to further increase type 2 diabetes prevalence(DH2010). The links between socioeconomic deprivation and ill health are well established (Yamey 1999, Acheson 1998, Chaturvedi 2004). This can be observed within the UK, as type 2 diabetes does not affect all social groups equally, it is more prevalent in people over 40, minority ethnic groups, and poor people (The National Service Framework (NSF) for Diabetes). Several studies have established people with type 2 diabetes living in deprive areas suffer higher morbidity and mortality rates than those in more affluent areas. (Roper et al 2001, Wilde et al 2008, Bachhmann 2003). However globally the links between deprivation and type 2 diabetes are less clear as there is less information available on diabetes and deprivation related outcomes. In conflict with the UK, studies in Finland, Italy and Ireland found no significant variations in different socioeconomic groups (Gnavi et al 2004, OConner 2006). Reasons which may have negated the impact on socioeconomic deprivation may have been due to differences such in the population studied, health care delivery or available treatments. Links between deprivation and type 2 diabetes appear evident in the locality of Derbyshire. All but three local areas in Derbyshire have a diabetes and obesity levels which are significantly worse than the England average (Derbyshire County Primary Care Trust (PCT) 2008). In Derbyshire there are clear significant variations in levels of deprivation, High Peak has very little deprivation, and yet Bolsover is in the 20 per cent most deprived areas in England, with thirty two per cent of people living in poverty and mortality and morbidity levels significantly worse than the England average (Bolsover District Financial Inclusion Strategy 2009). These worrying levels have triggered the Department of Health to declare Bolsover a Spearhead area for improvement (DH 2009, Derbyshire PCT 2008). Some steps have been taken in Bolsover to reduce morbidity and mortality rates by introducing healthy initiatives aimed at improving peoples life styles (Bolsover 2010). However, although morbidity and mortality rates have reduced over the last ten years they remain significantly higher than the England average (Bolsover District Financial Inclusion Strategy 2009). Derbyshire has a growing elderly population (Derbyshire PCT 2008). This together with proven links of levels of obesity rising with age would suggest a future increase in levels of diabetes. Diabetes is a national priority and Derbyshire has a higher than England average prevalence, but the local NHS strategy (2008) does not specify diabetes as a key priority. This may be a factor why Derbyshire is failing to meet its targets to reducing morbidity and mortality by ten per cent by 2010 in the poorest areas of Derbyshire (DH 2009). Frameworks and policies exist to give guidance on standards of care, improve the quality of life and life expectancy of people with diabetes and lessen the financial burden on health services. (Reference x2). In response to European influence the NHS plan (2000) set out guidance for modernising services, raising standards and moving towards patient centred care. Subsequently the NSF for Diabetes (2001) was published which outlines twelve standards of care aimed at delivering improved services and reducing inequalities over a ten year period with the ultimate vision of people suffering with diabetes receiving a world class service in the UK by 2013. This framework was followed by the NSF for Diabetes: Delivery Strategy (2003) which gives guidance on how the NSF for diabetes could be achieved. Frameworks are a useful outline for action and set out clear goals and targets, but do not address the social, economical and environmental causes of ill health or take account of available financial and staffing resources (Reference from book). The NSF for Diabetes (2001) appears to support this statement; other than retinal screening, no funding was initially made available to implement the twelve standards (Cavan 2005). The availability of this funding will have been significant in the achievement of one hundred per cent of people with diabetes now being offered this service (English National Screening Programme for Diabetic Retinopathy, 2009). It wasnt until 2004 the Quality Outcome Framework offered financial rewards to meet other targets within the NSF, for instance maintaining practiced based registers of people with diabetes, to enable primary care providers to provide proactive care (NHS 2004). Ten years on this framework is still credible and sets the gold standard of care for patients with diabetes in the UK (NICE 2000) which would seem to be an outstanding achievement. There have been significant improvements in caring for people with diabetes since it was published. However, it could be criticised that some standards are not enforceable until 2013 (NSF 2001). Numerous publications have followed the NSF for Diabetes (2001) in an attempt to give guidance for health professionals to follow (NICE 2004, NICE 2008, NICE 2009, RCN, NMC). These frameworks are not intended to work in isolation but collaborate with each other at different levels, whilst attempting to produce a quality health service (Reference). . The main reasons for the onset of diabetes and risk of further complications is due to suboptimal health relative behaviours which include little physical activity, high calorie intake and inadequacy to maintain good glucose control and it is said individuals with diabetes play a central role in determining their own health status (Clarke 2008 Reference 1). Whittaker (2004) concurs and says that much of the burden relating to care lies with individuals themselves. Patient education is seen as fundamental in the treatment of diabetes to ensure the best possible healthy outcomes for individuals (Alexander et al, 2006, Brooker Nicol 2003, Walsh, 2002). Standard 3 of the NSF for Diabetes (2001) clearly demonstrates a move away from medical care to encourage individuals to take responsibility for their own health but also places the onus on health care professionals to educate, support and empower people to enable them to effectively care for themselves. The recent Public Health Whitepap er (2010) endorses future healthcare services should focus on wellness rather than treating disease and supports empowering people to put some effort into staying well. It acknowledges healthcare services only contribute to one third of improvement made to life expectancy stating that a change in lifestyle and removing health inequalities contribute to the remaining two thirds. Giving people the skills, knowledge and tools to take control of their own health logical as people with diabetes spend an average of 3 hours per year with their healthcare professional and around 8700 hours managing themselves (Ref N3. For example there is much evidence concluding that maintaining blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible slows down the progression of long term complications and if patients can be empowered to take control of their diabetes, not only will it increase the individuals quality of life but also reduce the financial burden on the NHS. (Whittaker, 2004). (Ref: 4.1, 4.2). The Diabetes Year of Care programme (2008) has been developed to help healthcare professionals move away from a paternal approach to care planning to a more personalised approach for people with chronic long term conditions. This approach involves both healthcare professionals and patients working together to prioritise individual needs. Helmore (2009) agrees that a personalised approach to care planning which should be holistic and include the persons social circumstances, will empower patients to take a central role in their own healthcare and suggests that nurses and patients should work together to set goals the patient can work towards which would include self care and the services they will use. For example a depressed patient will not want to venture outside to exercise and comfort eating may cause them to gain weight. The priority in this case would be to deal with the patients depression. The nurse could then liaise with other community services and social care to resolve no n medical issues which would enable the patient to manage their weight and increase activities (Helmore 2009). Rollings (2010) believes nurses should take a lead role on behalf of the GP consortia as they are the ones best placed to identify the care requirements of patients with diabetes, they have experience in patient pathways and are able to co-ordinate local and professional services. The Department of Health (2010) has highlighted care planning as an area for improvement to ensure one hundred per cent of diabetic patients have individual care plans (DH 2010). Currently it is thought only sixty per of people with long-term conditions in England have an individual care plan (www.gp-patient.co.uk). Diabetes self-management education programmes (DSME) have been developed to educate and empower patients to take control of their own conditions by improving their knowledge and skills to enable them to make informed choices, self-manage and reduce any risk of complications. DSME also aims to help people to cope with physical and mental of living with diabetes (Ref 21 p 114. These programmes which should be age appropriate can be delivered to individuals or groups. (6 and 40 p 119 and 120). . (reference 7 p119). Programmes available include the Expert Patent Programme (EPP), its derivative X-PERT and Diabetes Education and Self-Management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) which are available in all PCTs in the country. These programmes offer the necessary information and skills to people to enable them to manage their own diabetes care and they offer the opportunity for people with diabetes to share problems and solutions on concerns they may have with on everyday living (N9) . They encourage people to find their own solutions to issues such as diet, weight management and blood glucose control, enlisting the help of diabetes professionals if needed (N9). The literature suggests this will result in well educated, motivated and empowered patients and consistently supports patient education as crucial to effective diabetes care (use many refs). Much research has taken place on the effectiveness of DSME. Some of which suggests that patients who have not participated in DSME are four times more likely to encounter major diabetes complications compared to patients who have been involved in DSME (Reference).Other evidence suggests that it is not possible to establish whether patient education is effective at promoting self-management in the long term to reduce the effects of diabetes or the onset of complications and improve the patients quality of life (reference). From studies that have taken place, it is evident that although knowledge and skills are necessary they are not sufficient on their own to ensure good diabetes control. People require ongoing support to sustain the enable them to sustain self-management and therefore the longer period of time the course run the more likelihood people will remain empowered (Ref) The majority of people in the UK are offered some form diabetes education, the bulk of which is offered at the time of diagnosis. Also the style, length, content and structure of DSME vary. Very few education programmes have been evaluated; therefore it is not conclusive which intervention strategy is the most effective for improving the control of diabetes. The America Diabetes Association suggest that as people are individuals and different methods of education suit different people, there is no one best programme, but generally programmes which incorporate both psychosocial and behaviour strategies appear to have the best outcomes. However the Healthcare commission (2006) found people in England are not being offered adequate information about their condition to facilitate effective self-management. They reported just eleven per cent of respondents had attended an educational course on how to live with diabetes and disturbingly seventeen per cent of respondents did not even know whether they had type 1 or type 2 diabetes (Reference 2 p 119). The success of DSME is dependent many variants which include the patients individual characteristics, the context of their social environment, the extent of the disease, and the patients interface with the care and education provided. Overall there is a great deal of evidence to suggest DSME is the cornerstone in effective diabetes care (NSF 2001). It is recommended that DSME is delivered by a multi-disciplinary team together with a comprehensive care plan (reference 1). Experts agree that effective management of diabetes mellitus increases life expectancy and reduces the risk of complications (NICE Guidenance for the use of patient education models of diabetes Referece 1 p 119 Changing the health related behaviours of people with diabetes has been proved to be successful in reducing or even eradicating the risk of complications (reference). Many different health promotion models of exist which can help a patient to digest health promotion advise and want to change their health related behaviours (Kawachi 2002). Health promotion models are useful tools to assist with this process. The Stages of Change health promotion is a frequently used model for weight management as it identifies 6 stages of readiness to change which helps health professionals identify the intervention actions to recommend and support. Standard 3 has also ensured people with diabetes receive regular care (Hicks 2010), although Hillson (2009) would argue the quality of which is still open to debate. Every person with diabetes should receive the highest standards of individualised care, no matter who delivers it or where or when it is delivered. Access to specialist services should be available when required (Hillson 2009). Diabetes patients receive different standards of care depending on whether or not they can attend their doctors surgery (Knights and Platt 2005). Diabetes patients who are unable to attend the surgery are being overlooked and missed out on screening and reviews of their diabetes, consequently receiving a lower standard of care despite the NSF for Diabetes stating inequalities in provision of services should be addressed to ensure a high standard of care which meets individual patient needs.(Gadsky 1994 ,Hall 2005, Harris 2005,). Until recently the district nursing team were some of the few professionals who provided care in the home for diabetes patients and only usually had input with diabetes patients when treatment was required for a complication (Wrobel 2001). District nurses have historically been seen as generalists and able to provide care and treatment for patients with a wide range of conditions and therefore do not necessarily have specialist disease knowledge (Hale 2004). Sargant (2002) agree with this and suggests the quality and advise district nurses give to diabetic patients is questionable as they dont have the in-depth level of knowledge in relation to diabetes. In recognition of the inconsistency of care being provided to patients with chronic illnesses in their own homes, the role of Community Matron was introduced in 2004 to ensure patients with diabetes receive the first class service advocated by the Department of Health (1999) and the NHS PLAN (2000) by managing their all encompassing care requirements and help patients effectively manage their long term conditions which in theory should result in reduce hospital admissions. (NHS Improvement Plan 2004). However a study conducted by Gravelle et al (2006) would suggest the Community Matron role has not been effective in reducing hospital admissions. Forbes et al (2004) concurs that district nurses, given the time and with the right training could extend their roles and satisfactory undertake appropriate care for housebound people with diabetes. However Brookes (2002) suggests training and resources are big issues and Harris (2005) says that district nurses may not be fulfilling their Professional Code of Conduct by failing to care sufficiently for this group of patients (Nursing and Midwifery Council 2008). The growing prevalence of diabetes and the drain on NHS resources continues to be a concern for the UK, in terms of life quality and life expectancy of patients. Many health inequalities exist for people with diabetes; there are proven links with obesity and deprivation; and diabetes care provided is not equal for all patients. Patients who are able to attend their GP surgery receive better care than those who are housebound, although this inequality is being addressed and care is improving. The NSF for Diabetes is a useful framework for healthcare professionals to follow when providing care for people with diabetes. The quality of diabetes care has improved since this framework has been introduced. However, the implementation of some recommendations has been slow and will not be complete until 2013. Patient education is paramount to successful diabetes control and there appears no doubt that the key to successfully slowing the onset of diabetes and the recognised associated complica tions is to engage patients in DSME.